BioInno

Engineering Microbes for Remediation of Oil Sands Tailings

The focus of this review is a group of structures/organelles collectively known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most, if not all, cells, varying from mammalian cells to protozoa and even bacteria. They vary in size: some are small (100-200 nm) and others are larger (> 200 nm).

In protozoa, however, most of them are small or medium in size (200-400 nm). These include vesicles from different origins. We briefly review the biogenesis of this distinct group that includes (a) exosome, which originates from the multivesicular bodies, an important component of the endocytic pathway; (b) ectosome, formed from a budding process that takes place in the plasma membrane of the cells; (c) vesicles released from the cell surface following a process of patching and capping of ligand/receptor complexes; (d) other processes where tubules secreted by the parasite subsequently originate exosome-like structures.

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx411041-1ml 1 ml
EUR 610.8

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx414317-1ml 1 ml
EUR 794.4

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx414953-1mg 1 mg
EUR 994.8

Inactivated ADV Antigen
VAng-Lsx0002-1mg 1 mg
EUR 705.6
Description: Adenovirus antigen, native protein.

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx022913-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx022913-80l 80 µl
EUR 975

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021507-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021507-80l 80 µl
EUR 937.5

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021509-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021509-80l 80 µl
EUR 1150

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021510-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021510-80l 80 µl
EUR 700

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021511-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021511-80l 80 µl
EUR 637.5

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021512-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021512-80l 80 µl
EUR 700

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021524-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021524-80l 80 µl
EUR 1200

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx411041-250g 250 µg
EUR 425

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx414953-200l 200 µl
EUR 775

Inactivated ADV-40 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0011-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: Adenovirus type 40, natural protein.

Inactivated ADV-1 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0004-1mg 1 mg
EUR 1365.6
Description: ADV type 1, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-2 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0006-1mg 1 mg
EUR 1365.6
Description: ADV type 2, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-3 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0007-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: ADV type 3, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-5 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0008-100g 100 µg
EUR 1210.8
Description: ADV type 5, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-6 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0010-100g 100 µg
EUR 2320.8
Description: ADV type 6, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-6 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0010-1mg 1 mg
EUR 5816.4
Description: ADV type 6, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-6 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0010-500g 500 µg
EUR 4215.6
Description: ADV type 6, natural antigen.

ADV type 2 Hexon
DAG4684 0.25 mg
EUR 1216.8

Combitip Adv. Rack - EACH
E0030089758 EACH
EUR 48.6

Virus Adenovirus (ADV) Protein
abx670001-1ml 1 ml
EUR 744

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (FITC)
abx022914-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (FITC)
abx022914-80l 80 µl
EUR 1112.5

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (FITC)
abx021508-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (FITC)
abx021508-80l 80 µl
EUR 1362.5

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (Biotin)
abx411042-1ml 1 ml
EUR 710.4

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (Biotin)
abx411042-100g 100 µg
EUR 525

Inactivated ADV Positive Sample
VAng-Lsx0001-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: ADV Positive Sample, natural antigen.

Recombinant ADV-2 Hexon Protein
VAng-Lsx0005-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: ADV type 2 Hexon, recombinant protein from Hep-2 Cells.

Inactivated ADV-5 Hexon Antigen
VAng-Lsx0009-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: ADV type 5 Hexon (full length), natural protein.

KX1-004
406540 100.0mg
EUR 750

KX1-004
B4728-10 10 mg
EUR 330
Description: Pp60c-src inhibitor

KX1-004
B4728-100 100 mg
EUR 901
Description: Pp60c-src inhibitor

KX1-004
B4728-5 5 mg
EUR 198
Description: Pp60c-src inhibitor

KX1-004
B4728-5.1 10 mM (in 1mL DMSO)
EUR 160
Description: Pp60c-src inhibitor

KX1-004
B4728-50 50 mg
EUR 681
Description: Pp60c-src inhibitor

AHPA-004
A310920 5g
EUR 2000
Description: 2098981-88-3

KX1-004
HY-18237 10mM/1mL
EUR 387.6

KX1-004
T1812-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

KX1-004
T1812-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

KX1-004
T1812-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

KX1-004
T1812-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

KX1-004
T1812-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

Jdr 004
T32284-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: Jdr 004

Jdr 004
T32284-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: Jdr 004

Jdr 004
T32284-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: Jdr 004

Jdr 004
T32284-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: Jdr 004

Jdr 004
T32284-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: Jdr 004

TP-004
T13188-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: TP-004

TP-004
T13188-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: TP-004

TP-004
T13188-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: TP-004

TP-004
T13188-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: TP-004

TP-004
T13188-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: TP-004

Rat ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
ERA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Goat ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
EGTA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Rat ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
ERA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Rat ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
ERA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Goat ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
EGTA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Goat ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
EGTA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Human ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
EHA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Mouse ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
EMA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Bovine ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
EBA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Canine ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
ECA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Human ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
EHA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Human ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
EHA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Mouse ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
EMA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Mouse ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
EMA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Rabbit ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
ERTA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Bovine ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
EBA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Bovine ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
EBA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Canine ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
ECA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Canine ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
ECA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Porcine ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
EPA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Rabbit ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
ERTA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Rabbit ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
ERTA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Anserine ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
EAA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Porcine ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
EPA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Porcine ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
EPA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Rat Adenovirus (ADV) ELISA Kit
abx055049-96tests 96 tests
EUR 801.6

Rat adenovirus(ADV) Elisa Kit
EK720970 96 Wells
EUR 0.62

Anserine ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
EAA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Anserine ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
EAA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Rat adenovirus(ADV) ELISA Kit
SL1026Ra -
EUR 498

Human Adenovirus (ADV) ELISA Kit
abx052689-96tests 96 tests
EUR 801.6

Mouse Adenovirus (ADV) ELISA Kit
abx055024-96tests 96 tests
EUR 801.6

Mouse adenovirus(ADV) Elisa kit
EK730422 96 Wells
EUR 0.68

Avian Adenovirus(ADV) ELISA Kit
SL0004BI -
EUR 528

Mouse adenovirus(ADV) ELISA Kit
SL0673Mo -
EUR 528

Mouse Adenovirus (ADV) ELISA Kit
abx055024-100g 100 µg Ask for price

Mouse Adenovirus (ADV) ELISA Kit
abx055024-200g 200 µg Ask for price

Mouse Adenovirus (ADV) ELISA Kit
abx055024-50g 50 µg
EUR 493.75

Bovine adenovirus(ADV) Elisa kit
EK760006 96 Wells
EUR 0.89

Bovine adenovirus(ADV) ELISA Kit
SL0013Bo -
EUR 528

Canine adenovirus(ADV)ELISA Kit
SL0110Ca - Ask for price

Porcine Adenovirus(ADV)ELISA Kit
SL0253Po - Ask for price

Chicken Adenovirus(ADV) ELISA Kit
SL0113Ch -
EUR 528

Inactivated ADV Grade 2 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0003-1mL 1 mL
EUR 1197.6
Description: ADV Grade 2, natural antigen.

Adenovirus Type 5 (ADV-5) Protein
abx670093-100g 100 µg
EUR 500

Guinea Pig ADV-Ag ELISA Kit
EGA0749 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Guinea Pig ADV-lgG ELISA Kit
EGA0750 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Guinea Pig ADV-lgM ELISA Kit
EGA0751 96Tests
EUR 625.2

Combitips adv PCR 0.1ml 4x25 - PK100
E0030089766 PK100
EUR 156.6

Combitips adv PCR 0.2ml 4x25 - PK100
E0030089774 PK100
EUR 156.6

Combitips adv PCR 0.5ml 4x25 - PK100
E0030089782 PK100
EUR 156.6

Combitips adv PCR 5ml 4x25 - PK100
E0030089812 PK100
EUR 156.6

Rat Adenovirus(ADV-Ag)ELISA Kit
NSL1612r 96 Tests
EUR 498

Combitips adv 25ml adapter 7pc - PK7
E0030089731 PK7
EUR 99.9

Combitips adv 50ml adapter 7pc - PK7
E0030089740 PK7
EUR 99.9

Goat Adenovirus(ADV-Ag) ELISA Kit
NSL1372Gt 96T
EUR 528

Mouse Adenovirus(ADV-Ag) ELISA Kit
NSL0924m 96 Test
EUR 528

Guinea Pig adenovirus (ADV) ELISA Kit
SL0065Gp - Ask for price

Combitip Adv. adapter epp.qual. 50ml - EACH
E0030089723 EACH
EUR 14.85

Canine Adenovirus(ADV-Ag) ELISA Kit
NSL1699Ca 1794 wells
EUR 528

Chicken Adenovirus(ADV-Ag)ELISA Kit
NSL1214Ch 1309 T
EUR 528

Porcine Adenovirus(ADV-Ag) ELISA Kit
NSL1443Po 96T
EUR 528

Virus Adenovirus Type 5 (ADV-5) Protein
abx670093-01mg 0.1 mg
EUR 543.6

K 13-004
T32346-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: K 13-004

K 13-004
T32346-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: K 13-004

K 13-004
T32346-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: K 13-004

K 13-004
T32346-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: K 13-004

K 13-004
T32346-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: K 13-004

Inactivated ADV-6 Antigen (Strain Tonsil 99)
VAng-Lsx04687-1mg 1 mg
EUR 7054.8
Description: ADV type 6 (Strain Tonsil 99), inactivated by 0.05% Thimerosal.

Duck Adenovirus(ADV) ELISA Kit定性
SL0032Du - Ask for price

Rat Adenovirus IgM(ADV-IgM) ELISA Kit
NSL0955r 96 Tests
EUR 498

Rat Adenovirus IgG(ADV-IgG)ELISA Kit
NSL1611r 96 Tests
EUR 498

Human Adenovirus IgG (ADV IgG) ELISA Kit
abx052155-100g 100 µg Ask for price

Human Adenovirus IgG (ADV IgG) ELISA Kit
abx052155-10g 10 µg
EUR 493.75

Human Adenovirus IgG (ADV IgG) ELISA Kit
abx052155-50g 50 µg Ask for price

Human Adenovirus IgM (ADV IgM) ELISA Kit
abx052156-100g 100 µg Ask for price

Human Adenovirus IgM (ADV IgM) ELISA Kit
abx052156-10g 10 µg
EUR 493.75

Human Adenovirus IgM (ADV IgM) ELISA Kit
abx052156-50g 50 µg Ask for price

Human Adenovirus IgA (ADV IgA) ELISA Kit
abx364853-100g 100 µg
EUR 493.75

Human Adenovirus IgG (ADV IgG) ELISA Kit
abx364854-100g 100 µg
EUR 493.75

Human Adenovirus IgM (ADV IgM) ELISA Kit
abx364855-100g 100 µg
EUR 493.75

Goat Adenovirus IgG(ADV-IgG) ELISA Kit
NSL1396Gt 96T
EUR 528

Goat Adenovirus IgM(ADV-IgM) ELISA Kit
NSL1397Gt 96T
EUR 528

Human Adenovirus Type 5 (ADV-5) ELISA Kit
abx055308-96tests 96 tests
EUR 801.6

Human Adenovirus type 5(ADV-5) Elisa Kit
EK711651 96 Wells
EUR 0.19

Human Adenovirus type 5(ADV-5) ELISA Kit
SL2099Hu 96 Tests
EUR 468

Human Adenovirus Type 5 (ADV-5) ELISA Kit
abx055308-100g 100 µg Ask for price

Human Adenovirus Type 5 (ADV-5) ELISA Kit
abx055308-10g 10 µg
EUR 493.75

Human Adenovirus Type 5 (ADV-5) ELISA Kit
abx055308-50g 50 µg Ask for price

Human Adenovirus IgM,ADV-IgM ELISA Kit
201-12-1764 96 tests
EUR 528
Description: A quantitative ELISA kit for measuring Human in samples from biological fluids.

Human Adenovirus IgG,ADV-IgG ELISA Kit
201-12-1768 96 tests
EUR 528
Description: A quantitative ELISA kit for measuring Human in samples from biological fluids.

Human Adenovirus IgG (ADV-IgG) ELISA Kit
EK7767 96Т
EUR 799

Human Adenovirus IgM (ADV-IgM) ELISA Kit
EK7768 96Т
EUR 799

Human Adenovirus IgG(ADV-IgG) Elisa Kit
EK700142 96 Wells
EUR 0.14

Human Adenovirus IgM(ADV-IgM) Elisa Kit
EK700143 96 Wells
EUR 0.14

Human Adenovirus IgA (ADV-IgA) ELISA Kit
EK12260 96Т
EUR 799

Human Adenovirus IgG (ADV-IgG) ELISA Kit
AE24150HU-48Tests 48 Tests
EUR 325
Description: Human (Homo sapiens)

Human Adenovirus IgG (ADV-IgG) ELISA Kit
AE24150HU-96Tests 96 Tests
EUR 610
Description: Human (Homo sapiens)

Human Adenovirus IgM (ADV-IgM) ELISA Kit
AE24151HU-48Tests 48 Tests
EUR 325
Description: Human (Homo sapiens)

Human Adenovirus IgM (ADV-IgM) ELISA Kit
AE24151HU-96Tests 96 Tests
EUR 610
Description: Human (Homo sapiens)

Human Adenovirus IgA (ADV-IgA) ELISA Kit
AE63317HU-48Tests 48 Tests
EUR 325
Description: Human (Homo sapiens)

Human Adenovirus IgA (ADV-IgA) ELISA Kit
AE63317HU-96Tests 96 Tests
EUR 610
Description: Human (Homo sapiens)

Here, special emphasis is given to EVs secreted by parasitic protozoa such as Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Trichomonas, and Giardia. Most of them have been characterized as exosomes that were isolated using several approaches and characterized by electron microscopy, proteomic analysis, and RNA sequencing. The results obtained show clearly that they present several proteins and different types of RNAs.

From the functional point of view, it is now clear that the secreted exosomes can be incorporated by the parasite itself as well as by mammalian cells with which they interact. As a consequence, there is interference both with the parasite (induction of differentiation, changes in infectivity, etc.) and with the host cell. Therefore, the EVs constitute a new system of transference of signals among cells.

On the other hand, there are suggestions that exosomes may constitute potential biotechnologytools and are important players of what has been designated as nanobiotechnology.

They may constitute an important delivery system for gene therapy and molecular-displaying cell regulation capabilities when incorporated into other cells and even by interfering with the exosomal membrane during its biogenesis, targeting the vesicles via specific ligands to different cell types.

These vesicles may reach the bloodstream, overflow through intercellular junctions, and even pass through the central nervous system blood barrier. There is evidence that it is possible to interfere with the composition of the exosomes by interfering with multivesicular body biogenesis.

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