BioInno

Engineering Microbes for Remediation of Oil Sands Tailings

The focus of this review is a group of structures/organelles collectively known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most, if not all, cells, varying from mammalian cells to protozoa and even bacteria. They vary in size: some are small (100-200 nm) and others are larger (> 200 nm).

In protozoa, however, most of them are small or medium in size (200-400 nm). These include vesicles from different origins. We briefly review the biogenesis of this distinct group that includes (a) exosome, which originates from the multivesicular bodies, an important component of the endocytic pathway; (b) ectosome, formed from a budding process that takes place in the plasma membrane of the cells; (c) vesicles released from the cell surface following a process of patching and capping of ligand/receptor complexes; (d) other processes where tubules secreted by the parasite subsequently originate exosome-like structures.

Adv-Ag type3
MBS8584830-5x01mg 5x0.1mg
EUR 1320

Adv-Ag type3
MBS8533428-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 310

Adv-Ag type7
MBS8533429-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 325

Adv-Ag type7
MBS8533429-5x01mg 5x0.1mg
EUR 1320

Adenovirus (ADV) (PE)
MBS6262981-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (PE)
MBS6262981-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (PE)
MBS6262982-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (PE)
MBS6262982-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (PE)
MBS6262983-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (PE)
MBS6262983-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) (AP)
MBS6260430-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (AP)
MBS6260430-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (AP)
MBS6260431-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (AP)
MBS6260431-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (AP)
MBS6260432-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (AP)
MBS6260432-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

ADV mAb2-coating
MBS478018-10mg 10mg
EUR 2280

ADV mAb2-coating
MBS478018-1mg 1mg
EUR 340

ADV mAb2-coating
MBS478018-20mg 20mg
EUR 3560

ADV mAb2-coating
MBS478018-5mg 5mg
EUR 1195

Adenovirus (ADV) (HRP)
MBS6262470-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (HRP)
MBS6262470-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (HRP)
MBS6262471-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (HRP)
MBS6262471-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (HRP)
MBS6262472-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (HRP)
MBS6262472-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) (APC)
MBS6260941-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (APC)
MBS6260941-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (APC)
MBS6260942-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (APC)
MBS6260942-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (APC)
MBS6260943-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (APC)
MBS6260943-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

ADV mAb1-labeling
MBS478106-10mg 10mg
EUR 2280

ADV mAb1-labeling
MBS478106-1mg 1mg
EUR 340

ADV mAb1-labeling
MBS478106-20mg 20mg
EUR 3560

ADV mAb1-labeling
MBS478106-5mg 5mg
EUR 1195

Adenovirus (ADV) (FITC)
MBS6261960-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 935

Adenovirus (ADV) (FITC)
MBS6261960-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4050

Adenovirus (ADV) (FITC)
MBS6261961-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (FITC)
MBS6261961-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (FITC)
MBS6261962-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (FITC)
MBS6261962-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) (Biotin)
MBS6261452-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (Biotin)
MBS6261452-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (Biotin)
MBS6261453-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (Biotin)
MBS6261453-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (Biotin)
MBS6261454-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (Biotin)
MBS6261454-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) Protein
abx670001-100g 100 µg
EUR 537.5

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx022913-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx022913-80l 80 µl
EUR 975

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021507-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021507-80l 80 µl
EUR 937.5

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021509-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021509-80l 80 µl
EUR 1150

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021510-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021510-80l 80 µl
EUR 700

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021511-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021511-80l 80 µl
EUR 637.5

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021512-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021512-80l 80 µl
EUR 700

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021524-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx021524-80l 80 µl
EUR 1200

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx411041-1ml 1 ml
EUR 610.8

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx411041-250g 250 µg
EUR 425

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx414317-1ml 1 ml
EUR 794.4

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx414953-1mg 1 mg
EUR 994.8

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody
abx414953-200l 200 µl
EUR 775

Inactivated ADV Antigen
VAng-Lsx0002-1mg 1 mg
EUR 705.6
Description: Adenovirus antigen, native protein.

Inactivated ADV-40 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0011-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: Adenovirus type 40, natural protein.

Inactivated ADV-1 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0004-1mg 1 mg
EUR 1365.6
Description: ADV type 1, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-2 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0006-1mg 1 mg
EUR 1365.6
Description: ADV type 2, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-3 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0007-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: ADV type 3, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-5 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0008-100g 100 µg
EUR 1210.8
Description: ADV type 5, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-6 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0010-100g 100 µg
EUR 2320.8
Description: ADV type 6, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-6 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0010-1mg 1 mg
EUR 5816.4
Description: ADV type 6, natural antigen.

Inactivated ADV-6 Antigen
VAng-Lsx0010-500g 500 µg
EUR 4215.6
Description: ADV type 6, natural antigen.

ADV type 2 Hexon
DAG4684 0.25 mg
EUR 834.75
Description: Recombinant

Combitip Adv. Rack - EACH
E0030089758 EACH
EUR 48.6

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 550)
MBS6264514-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 550)
MBS6264514-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 550)
MBS6264515-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 550)
MBS6264515-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 550)
MBS6264516-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 550)
MBS6264516-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 650)
MBS6265025-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 650)
MBS6265025-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 650)
MBS6265026-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 650)
MBS6265026-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 650)
MBS6265027-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 650)
MBS6265027-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 750)
MBS6265536-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 750)
MBS6265536-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 750)
MBS6265537-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 750)
MBS6265537-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 750)
MBS6265538-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 750)
MBS6265538-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 405)
MBS6263492-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 405)
MBS6263492-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 405)
MBS6263493-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 405)
MBS6263493-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 405)
MBS6263494-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 405)
MBS6263494-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 490)
MBS6264003-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 1005

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 490)
MBS6264003-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 4375

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 490)
MBS6264004-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 810

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 490)
MBS6264004-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3490

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 490)
MBS6264005-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 795

Adenovirus (ADV) (MaxLight 490)
MBS6264005-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3435

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (FITC)
abx022914-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (FITC)
abx022914-80l 80 µl
EUR 1112.5

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (FITC)
abx021508-400l 400 µl Ask for price

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (FITC)
abx021508-80l 80 µl
EUR 1362.5

Virus Adenovirus (ADV) Protein
abx670001-1ml 1 ml
EUR 744

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (Biotin)
abx411042-100g 100 µg
EUR 525

Adenovirus (ADV) Antibody (Biotin)
abx411042-1ml 1 ml
EUR 710.4

Inactivated ADV Positive Sample
VAng-Lsx0001-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: ADV Positive Sample, natural antigen.

Recombinant ADV-2 Hexon Protein
VAng-Lsx0005-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: ADV type 2 Hexon, recombinant protein from Hep-2 Cells.

Inactivated ADV-5 Hexon Antigen
VAng-Lsx0009-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: ADV type 5 Hexon (full length), natural protein.

AHPA-004
A310920 5g
EUR 2000
Description: 2098981-88-3

KX1-004
406540 100.0mg
EUR 750

KX1-004
B4728-10 10 mg
EUR 176
Description: Tyrosine Kinase|Src

KX1-004
B4728-100 100 mg
EUR 900.8
Description: Tyrosine Kinase|Src

KX1-004
B4728-5 5 mg
EUR 96.8
Description: Tyrosine Kinase|Src

KX1-004
B4728-5.1 10 mM (in 1mL DMSO)
EUR 160
Description: Tyrosine Kinase|Src

KX1-004
B4728-50 50 mg
EUR 680.8
Description: Tyrosine Kinase|Src

KX1-004
MBS130271-100mg 100mg
EUR 1065

KX1-004
MBS130271-500mg 500mg
EUR 2775

SMIP 004
MBS130107-100mg 100mg
EUR 1065

SMIP 004
MBS130107-500mg 500mg
EUR 2775

TPT-004
HY-157014 Get quote Ask for price
Description: TPT-004 is a TPH inhibitor. TPT-004 has superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. TPT-004 also has good efficacy in preclinical models of peripheral serotonin attenuation and colorectal tumor growth[1].

KX1-004
HY-18237 10mM/1mL
EUR 649.36
Description: KX1-004 is a potent and non-ATP competitive Src-PTK inhibitor with an IC50 of 40 μM. KX1-004 protects the cochlea from hazardous noise and prevents noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)[1][2].

TP-004
HY-120868 10 mg
EUR 2056.31
Description: TP-004 is a potent and reversible inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), with an IC50 of 6 nM[1].

MPX-004
HY-148939 Get quote Ask for price
Description: MPX-004 is a potent GluN2A antagonist. MPX-004 inhibits GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors expressed in HEK cells with an IC50 of 79 nM. MPX-004 has no inhibitory effect on GluN2B or GluN2D receptor-mediated responses. MPX-004 has the potential for neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders research[1].

KX1-004
MBS3604806-10mg 10mg
EUR 390

KX1-004
MBS3604806-25mg 25mg
EUR 585

KX1-004
MBS3604806-2mg 2mg
EUR 235

KX1-004
MBS3604806-50mg 50mg
EUR 660

KX1-004
MBS3604806-5mg 5mg
EUR 315

KX1-004
MBS385003-10mg 10mg
EUR 380

KX1-004
MBS385003-2mg 2mg
EUR 180

KX1-004
MBS385003-5mg 5mg
EUR 270

KX1-004
MBS385003-5x10mg 5x10mg
EUR 1710

TP-004
MBS5767762-100mg 100mg
EUR 3390

TP-004
MBS5767762-50mg 50mg
EUR 2185

TP-004
MBS5767762-5x100mg 5x100mg
EUR 15115

Jdr 004
MBS5781861-5mg 5(mg
EUR 915

Jdr 004
MBS5781861-5x5mg 5x5(mg
EUR 3970

KX1-004
MBS577499-10mg 10mg
EUR 230

KX1-004
MBS577499-25mg 25mg
EUR 335

KX1-004
MBS577499-2mg 2mg
EUR 155

KX1-004
MBS577499-50mg 50mg
EUR 500

KX1-004
MBS577499-5mg 5mg
EUR 175

TP-004
T13188-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: TP-004

TP-004
T13188-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: TP-004

TP-004
T13188-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: TP-004

TP-004
T13188-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: TP-004

TP-004
T13188-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: TP-004

KX1-004
T1812-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

KX1-004
T1812-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

KX1-004
T1812-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

KX1-004
T1812-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

KX1-004
T1812-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: KX1-004

Jdr 004
T32284-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: Jdr 004

Jdr 004
T32284-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: Jdr 004

Here, special emphasis is given to EVs secreted by parasitic protozoa such as Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Trichomonas, and Giardia. Most of them have been characterized as exosomes that were isolated using several approaches and characterized by electron microscopy, proteomic analysis, and RNA sequencing. The results obtained show clearly that they present several proteins and different types of RNAs.

From the functional point of view, it is now clear that the secreted exosomes can be incorporated by the parasite itself as well as by mammalian cells with which they interact. As a consequence, there is interference both with the parasite (induction of differentiation, changes in infectivity, etc.) and with the host cell. Therefore, the EVs constitute a new system of transference of signals among cells.

On the other hand, there are suggestions that exosomes may constitute potential biotechnologytools and are important players of what has been designated as nanobiotechnology.

They may constitute an important delivery system for gene therapy and molecular-displaying cell regulation capabilities when incorporated into other cells and even by interfering with the exosomal membrane during its biogenesis, targeting the vesicles via specific ligands to different cell types.

These vesicles may reach the bloodstream, overflow through intercellular junctions, and even pass through the central nervous system blood barrier. There is evidence that it is possible to interfere with the composition of the exosomes by interfering with multivesicular body biogenesis.

Scroll To Top